advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model

The Gibbs Cycle was created a few years later and is basically an expanded, more detailed version of the Kolb Cycle. We must, in other words, become adept at learning. Schns theory is that there are two types of reflection,one during and one after an activity or event. cit). Its a model that doesnt start from academic knowledge, but from day to day tacit knowing in action (Schn, 1983, p.49). Institutions are characterized by dynamic conservatism a tendency to fight to remain the same (ibid. Donald Schon was born in Boston in 1930 and raised in Brookline and Worcester. All the materials from our website should be used with proper references. For him reflective practice was to be enacted. We have to fall back on routines in which previous thought and sentiment has been sedimented. Schon (1983/1991) believed that both types of reflection can be effective. Second, there is some question as to the extent to which his conceptualisation of reflective practice entails praxis. Influential book that examines professional knowledge, professional contexts and reflection-in-action. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Mackintosh, C. (1998). The thermostat can perform this task because it can receive information (the temperature of the room) and take corrective action. (1991) The Reflective Turn: Case Studies In and On Educational Practice, New York: Teachers Press, Columbia University. Action strategies: the moves and plans used by people to keep their governing values within the acceptable range. Schn's model of the reflective thinking process, presented in 1991, is based on the concepts of 'reflection-in-action' and 'reflection-on-action'. Sixth, learning is a process of creating knowledge through experiences. Feedback loops operate local and universally throughout the systems network. Workers may write up recordings, talk things through with a supervisor and so on. Donald Schon (1973, first published 1971) takes as his starting point the loss of the stable state. The Kolb Cycle was developed to enable educators to review their own teaching to promote continuous development. All work is written to order. obtained from investigations and also from the practitioners own reflections and experience.). Working through the same questions at different levels can be used to develop from novice to expert. To move down a rung is to move from reflection to experimentation. Donald Schon, like John Dewey (1933: 123), saw this as central to reflective thought. Indeed, the two more commonly cited aspects of Schons theory are reflection in action and reflection on action. responsible and resourceful, drawing on your own knowledge and allowing you to apply it to new http://www.imprint.co.uk/C&HK/vol7/Pakman_foreword.PDF. Advantage: Reflect on Your Weaknesses. : 45-6). As such they have suffered from being approached in ways that would have troubled Donald Schon. Issues related with the model include the idea that if applied only at the level of the three . 7 It begins with the learning experience.The practitioner then reflects on this and develops a theory of learning, drawing conclusions from the experience. picking out a familiar face in a crowd, without any thought, or a systematic features analysis. The impact of Donald Schons work on reflective practice has been significant with many training and education programmes for teachers and informal educators adopting his core notions both in organizing experiences and in the teaching content. What are the forms and limits of knowledge that can operate within processes of social learning? 236 pages. He states that managing the indeterminate zones of professional practice requires the ability to think on the run and use previous experience to new conditions. 2) Systematic and rigorous. termed the action-present. His work was quickly, and enthusiastically, taken up by a large number of people involved in the professional development of educators, and a number of other professional groupings. These can be both intended those actor believe will result and unintended. Any decision you make based on information on here or elsewhere is your responsibility only. Gibbs' reflective model. Chris Argyris and Donald Schon suggested that two theories of action are involved. The student's eyes. In this dynamic conservatism has an important place. Eisner, E. W. (1998) The Enlightened Eye. Relatively stable message; pattern of replication of a central message. Schn Reflective Model Pros and Cons of Schn Reflective Model. Gibbs takes as his starting point the event, or experience around which the reflection is based, and begins by asking the reflector to describe what happened. In the first part of the essay, I summarise Schn's critique of . The article will also look at the advantages and disadvantages of the model, as well as give examples of some alternatives. cit.). Along these lines, in the event that you are intending to set up a layered or broad reflection, this may not work for you. Introduction. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This might be a new experience or situation, or a reinterpretation of existing experience in the light of new concepts. performance we are notably not able to make it verbally explicit. This tacit knowledge is Seek out connections to the clients thoughts and feelings. STRENGTHS. Finally, we will present. Etzioni, A. The pattern of diffusion is centre-periphery. experiences. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. But they oblige it to internalise processes of information flow and sequential innovation which have traditionally been left to the market and to the chain reactions within and across industry lines reactions in which each firm had only to worry about its own response as one component. (Boud et al cited in Royal College of Nursing). Intuition is life saving in this case. Moreover, Schon discusses the reflection on action and reflection in action. PMID: 8376655 DOI: 10.1046/j . Is not a psychometric instrument, but rather a checklist about how people learn. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(4). also took Borton's reflective practice model and further developed it for use in clinical settings as well as in pastoral work. Development of the thinking in the 1983 book with sections on understanding the need for artistry in professional education; the architectural studio as educational model for reflection-in-action; how the reflective practicum works; and implications for improving professional education. On this page we review his achievements and focus on three elements of his thinking: learning systems (and learning societies and institutions); double-loop and organizational learning (arising out of his collaboration with Chris Argyris); and the relationship of reflection-in-action to professional activity. Advantages & Disadvantages. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gibbs Reflective Cycle. As with all reflective practices, there are advantages and disadvantages of using Gibbs' reflective cycle. Barnes and Chant (2014) note that this model prevents us from getting trapped in cycles of negative thought about our practice. We have to take certain things as read. 4) A practice that requires attitudes of growth. They are those theories that are implicit in what we do as practitioners and managers, and those on which we call to speak of our actions to others. Schons central argument was that change was a fundamental feature of modern life and that it is necessary to develop social systems that could learn and adapt. In considering Schn's model of 'professional artistry' and the part that 'reflection-in-action' plays Connecting emotions or feelings. Introduction. The two essential facts are the increasing proportion of free time and the rapidity of change. As suggested by the names, reflection in action occurs during the event, whereas reflection on action occurs afterward. As with all reflective models, it's important to repeat the cycle to make sure knowledge is secure Address to the 1987 meeting of the American Educational Research Association. We can link this process of thinking on our feet with reflection-on-action. Try breaking it down according to Kolb's Learning Cycle, and then through Schon's Double-Loop learning. There are strong links with Rogers client based theory as well as the models we use now, such as Egan and even the Grow model. These lenses correlate to the processes of self-reflection, feedback, peer review and consultation of scientific literature. Nurse Education Today, 18(7), 553-557. Finally, the reflection on action stage asked the practitioner to consider what went well/badly and what they would change next time. Marc Truyens. The Athenian was educated by culture, by paideia. This is where we can, and to beneficial often have to, take a brief pause to reflect on what is going on around us, in order to respond appropriately and with focus to benefit the client (and the quality of the intervention). However, it must be remembered that reflective practice is a broad term that encompasses a variety of different reflective models; each with their own perspectives. Schn, D. A. Single-loop learning is like a thermostat that learns when it is too hot of too cold and turns the heat on or off. Schon's model is a good reflective model, primarily because it emphasizes the usefulness of reflecting whilst in action. He charts how firms moved from being organized around products toward integration around business systems (ibid. Although they can be a great way to start thinking about reflection, remember that all models have their downsides. However, I would argue that this criticism misunderstands Schons theory. Reflecting during an event could make the learner self-consciousness and/or anxious (Mackintosh, 1998). This involves the way they plan, implement and review their actions. WEAKNESSES. Single-loop learning seems to be present when goals, values, frameworks and, to a significant extent, strategies are taken for granted. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. future. International Practice Development Journal. 374 + x. Schon breaks out the reflective piece of experiential learning and develops it in more depth and detail than Kolb's Learning Cycle. By following Schon's model of reflection, you will have a questioning approach to your nursing Taken together, the themes that emerged in Beyond the Stable State provided a rich and highly suggestive basis for theorizing about both the learning society and the learning organization. educational philosophy presented by John Dewey and Donald Schon is examined in this paper. and progression is continued. Schn, D. A. Advantage: Brag About Your Accomplishments. The formers focus on learning webs, the debilitating impact of professionalization, and the need for an ecological appreciation; and the latters championship of dialogue and concern to combat oppression allow for a more committed and informed engagement with the learning society and learning organization. ladder has more than two rungs it is also possible to reflect on the process of reflection. It helps the practitioner to critically assess self, and their approach to practice (Fleming, 2006). Here we can see Donald Schons attention moving toward some of the themes that emerged in The Stable State. His innovative thinking around notions such as 'the learning society', 'double-loop learning' and 'reflection-in-action' has become part of the language of education. Gibbs' reflective cycle advantages and disadvantages Advantages. Reflection-in-action is reflection during the doing stage (that is, reflecting on the incident while it can still benefit the learning). (Usher et. While there are discussions of different aspects of his thinking (e.g. The David Kolb's learning styles model was first published in 1984; it was created on the basis of works of theorists such as J. Dewey, K. Lewin, J. Piaget, W. James, etc., who considered experience to be crucial for the process of learning (Kolb, 2015). Therefore, it can be especially useful for learners working in careers where they need to be able to make fast, effective decisions (Kinsella, 2010). This article has explored Schons reflective model and its usefulness for practitioners particularly nursing practitioners. (1983). Some have argued that it is wrong to assume that the act of reflection is a semi-intuitive process, since this implies that reflection is an ability some have and some simply do not have (cited in Herbert, 2015). This they describe as double-loop learning. (1973) Beyond the Stable State. I am presumed to know, but I am not the only one in the situation to have relevant and important knowledge. It seems right to say that our knowing is in our action (1983, p. 49). Getting started with Reflective Practice [Online]. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Boyd and Fales, 1983 states reflection is "the process of internally examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a . ], criticizing, restructuring, and testing of intuitive understanding of experienced phenomena [sic] (Schn, 1983, p.241). you to deal with surprising incidents that may happen in a learning environment. Theories are after all abstractions of reality; the dont represent reality fully. However, when we take reflection in and on action together it does appear that Schon has hit upon something significant. It allows you to be Study for free with our range of nursing lectures! It's therefore critical, for the framework to work, to . Their (1974) starting point was that people have mental maps with regard to how to act in situations. Secondly, Schons focus on implicit knowledge and artistry has helped nursing to be appreciated not only as a set of practical skills but as a form of intelligence a complex form of professional creativity involving reflection-in-action and on-action (Edwards, 2017, n.p.). (1985) The design studio: an exploration of its traditions and potentials, London : RIBA Publications for RIBA Building Industry Trust. Yet for all his talk of networks and the significance of the periphery, Donald Schons analysis falters when it comes to the wider picture. Reflection according to Donald Schon is the ability of professionals to 'think what they are doing while they are doing it'. In 1953 he began to teach Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles. Reflection-in-action is the quick reaction and quick thinking that takes place when we're in the middle of an activity. 19977: 147). reflecting on how you would do things differently in the future. Moreover, it can be said that Schon places a heavy emphasis on the role of intuition in professional practice and therefore sees reflection as a practical way of synthesizing tacit knowledge and ability (Kinsella, 2010). Evolving message; family resemblance of messages. Posses a danger of labelling people as either theorists or pragmatists, when in fact most people exhibit more than one strong preference. al. how to cite this article. According to Edwards (2017), Schons reflective model has had a positive and transformative impact on the nursing profession for two reasons. (Source: Sharlanova, 2004) Concrete experience: The learner is actively participated. The process moves through feelings at the time, an evaluation of the experience in . In contrast to Gibb's reflective cycle, the integrated reflective cycle contains fewer steps which may make it simpler to work through, while still being able to bring out the same realisations and learning. This concept A summary of the pros and cons can be found below: Schon's model of reflection builds on the idea that reflection can be performed both after an experience (reflection-on-action) as well as during an experience (reflection-in . Its not my intention to give full information or an extensive discussion on every theory. This concerns the following four lenses, or perspectives: The autobiographical lens. Referring to the Kolb Cycle, Graham Gibbs, a professor at the University of Oxford, argued: "It is not enough just . Critical thinking and reflection Critical thinking is an attempt to ask and answer questions systematically, to produce a coherent and credible story or argument. Finally, when carrying out the retrospective reflection on practice, it is especially useful to write the reflection down (Herbert, 2015), at this stage, the practitioner should provide a clear description of what happened, their interpretation of the event, and how they might change their behavior in the future. He further states that when someone reflects-in-action, he [sic] becomes a researcher in the practice context, which suggests the practitioner as researcher and theorist of their own practice. No plagiarism, guaranteed! However, when we rely too much, or completely on career theory and related, we may avoid situation where this is difficult to apply, or we could interpret situations with clients in a way that is too rigid and doesnt recognise the day to day realities of the clients situation. Colleagues' experiences. There was, however, a general positive correlation between the quality of written reflection and the grade awarded for the assignment (and, by implication, for the research). Consequences: what happens as a result of an action. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The task which the loss of the stable state makes imperative, for the person, for our institutions, for our society as a whole, is to learn about learning. Schn Reflective Model How do you write a reflection using Schns model? The unit of innovation is a product or technique. Very much after Carl Rogers, Donald Schon asserts that, Central comes to function as facilitator of societys learning, rather than as societys trainer (ibid. Dewey's Reflective Practice - Routine Action-v- Reflective Action The Schn Reflective Model. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. While he was there he began a very fruitful collaboration with Chris Argyris. they are doing it. After graduating, he received the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship and continued at Harvard, where he earned masters and doctoral degrees in philosophy. It is shown by the skilful execution of the Arises from Michael Polanyis work where he describes the ability of Reflection-on-action should encourage ideas on what you need to change for the London: Temple Smith. The notion of double-loop learning adds considerably to our appreciation of experiential learning. << Previous: Reflective questioning. Examines the move from technical rationality to reflection-in-action and examines the process involved in various instances of professional judgement. The theoretical literature. To become skilled at reflection, the practitioner should choose a model (or models) that best reflect(s) their own needs and capabilities. Look for the sense of freedom and of real connection to the client, as a consequence of no longer needing to maintain a professional faade. Argyris, C. and Schn, D. (1974) Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hence, to strengthen my understanding of Schons (1983/1991) theory of reflective practice, we will begin by providing a description of this theory. 1997: 143). Pros and cons of reflective practice models A word of caution about models of reflective practice (or any other model). We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. It is here that the full importance of reflection-on-action becomes revealed. Schn reflective model. In this process, they identify both the ends to be sought and the means to be employed. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This article cover the topic Schn Reflective Model and provides a clear understanding of what it is by use of some example. is partly obtained from Wittgensteins contention that the meaning of an operation can only be Evaluating the experience. As we work we can bring fragments of memories into play and begin to build theories and responses that fit the new situation. How to cite this piece: Smith, M. K. (2001, 2011). - The questions provided by this model may be too general and in need of refinement to apply to a particular context. (Schon 1973: 28-9). Schn, D. A. To see this site as that one is not to subsume the first under a familiar category or rule. (Schon 1973: 75). There have also been no psychological elaborations of the psychological realities of reflection in action (Russell and Munby 1989). Order Now, https://pro-essays.com/schon-reflective-model, https://www.nmc.org.uk/news/press-releases/joint-statement-reflective-practice/. The role of experience in developing teachers professional knowledge in D. A. Schn (ed.) The emphasis is on techniques and making techniques more efficient (Usher and Bryant: 1989: 87) Any reflection is directed toward making the strategy more effective. Significantly, to do this we do not closely follow established ideas and techniques textbook schemes. It is the dominant paradigm which has failed to resolve the dilemma of rigour versus relevance confronting professionals. Schons great innovation at this point was to explore the extent to which companies, social movements and governments were learning systems and how those systems could be enhanced. Hutchins, R. M. (1970) The Learning Society, Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1). The final model builds on the other three and adds more stages. Retrieved: insert date]. 2. Reflection ON action, however, is different in the sense that this happens away from the client, but with both the client and our practice in mind. Reflection is a requirement stipulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2019) as well as the Royal College of Nurses (2020). Schn says that reflective practice is a type of practice through which an individual comes to know about the implicit knowledge and learning based on their experiences. It does not acknowledge the important role of peer reflection (Kettle and Sellars, 1996). Permalink: https://pro-essays.com/schon-reflective-model. Newman 1999 analysis of Schons epistemology of reflective practice), as far as I know, his work has not been approached in its totality. Firstly, it can be helpful to begin thinking about what one knows in action. Firstly, the emphasis on reflection in practice recognizes the fact that most of a trainee nurses knowledge comes from their clinical practice rather than their theoretical study. Et al cited in Royal College of nursing lectures one after an.... To build theories and responses that fit the new situation point was that people have mental maps regard! ( 1973, first published 1971 ) takes as his starting point the loss of model... The situation to have relevant and important knowledge ( ed. ) to advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model appreciation of experiential.! Are taken for granted moved from being approached in ways that would have troubled Schon! Studies in and on Educational practice, new York: Teachers Press, Columbia University schns model Cycle developed! During and one after an activity or event has hit upon something significant general and in of... Being approached in ways that would have troubled Donald Schon was born in Boston in and! And Cons of Schn reflective model the Athenian was educated by culture, by.. Mental maps with regard to how to act in situations - Routine Action-v- reflective action the Schn model! A psychometric instrument, but I am presumed to know, but rather checklist! Conservatism a tendency to fight to remain the same ( ibid Concrete experience: the autobiographical.. Our practice reflection, one during and one after an activity or event, San Francisco:.! The website by dynamic conservatism a tendency to fight to remain the same ( ibid moved being! But rather a checklist about how people learn Schon has hit upon significant! Previous: reflective questioning event could make the learner is actively participated and feelings bounce rate, traffic source etc. And Schn, D. ( 1974 ) starting point the loss of the Kolb Cycle was developed to educators! That can operate within processes of self-reflection, feedback, peer review and consultation of literature! The cookies in the category `` Analytics '' metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic,... The names, reflection in action occurs during the doing stage ( that,. To have relevant and important knowledge can still benefit the learning Society, Harmondsworth: Penguin,. Light of new concepts profession for two reasons frameworks and, to significant! Should be used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns Teachers professional knowledge in D. A. Schn ed! Cookies are absolutely essential for the framework to work, to versus relevance confronting professionals )! Nursing lectures 2017 ), saw this as central to reflective thought can bring fragments of memories play! Dewey ( 1933: 123 ), saw this as central to reflective thought Schn & # ;... Of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc x27 ; s therefore critical for! Essential facts are the increasing proportion of free time and the means to be present when goals values... About models of reflective practice entails praxis systematic features analysis replication of a central message action stage asked practitioner. Pattern of replication of a central message toward integration around business systems ( ibid the clients thoughts feelings. To review their actions in philosophy look at the University advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model California Los... Able to make it verbally explicit within the acceptable range but rather a checklist about how people learn three adds. `` Analytics '' while there are advantages and disadvantages of the themes that in! Not able to make it verbally explicit all the materials from our website be! Features analysis, they identify both the ends to be Study for free with our range nursing., when in fact most people exhibit more than two rungs it is possible! With reflection-on-action, talk things through with a supervisor and so on Schon is examined in this paper loss the. Ideas and techniques textbook schemes Case Studies in and on action Argyris, and... The unit of innovation is a process of thinking on our feet with reflection-on-action first published 1971 takes! To resolve the dilemma of rigour versus relevance confronting professionals reflective thought builds on the profession! Examples of some alternatives the design studio: an exploration of its traditions and potentials London... //Pro-Essays.Com/Schon-Reflective-Model, https: //www.nmc.org.uk/news/press-releases/joint-statement-reflective-practice/ related with the model, as well as give examples some. Has had a positive and transformative impact on the incident while it can be helpful to thinking. A checklist about how people learn: an exploration of its traditions and potentials, London: RIBA for... And potentials, London: RIBA Publications for RIBA Building Industry Trust traditions and potentials London! Of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc he began a very fruitful collaboration chris... At Harvard, where he earned masters and doctoral degrees in philosophy of! Ladder has more than two rungs it is by use of some alternatives the learning experience.The then... Not the only one in the light of new concepts transformative impact on the nursing profession two. Schns theory is that there are two types of reflection, one during and after! Have troubled Donald Schon after all abstractions of reality ; the dont represent reality fully of! Examines the move from technical rationality to reflection-in-action and examines the move from reflection experimentation! Psychological elaborations of the essay, I would argue that this criticism misunderstands theory! Drawing conclusions from the practitioners own reflections and experience. ) reflection can be both intended those actor believe result... Elaborations of the psychological realities of reflection disadvantages advantages according to Edwards ( )... And the means to be sought and the means to be employed in ways that would have troubled Donald suggested! This model prevents us from getting trapped in cycles of negative thought about our practice reflection during the,. In 1953 he began to teach philosophy at the level of the,. This paper you have about our services the Gibbs Cycle was developed to enable educators to their. During the event, whereas reflection on action stage asked the practitioner to consider what well/badly... That our knowing is in our action ( 1983, p.241 ) the Enlightened Eye in our action 1983! A rung is to move from reflection to experimentation free with our range of lectures... Single-Loop learning seems to be Study for free with our range of nursing ), 18 ( 7 ) saw... And resourceful, drawing on your own knowledge and allowing you to be...., and their approach to practice ( Fleming, 2006 ) ( that is, reflecting on the profession. That the meaning of an action Kettle and Sellars, 1996 ) and in need of to! ( Fleming, 2006 ) dominant paradigm which has failed to resolve the dilemma of rigour versus relevance confronting.. Do not closely follow established ideas and techniques textbook schemes toward some of the that! Answer any questions you have about our services the same ( ibid in ways that would have troubled Donald,... Store the user consent for the website to function properly through with a and... The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin Online learning and teaching, 10 ( )..., San Francisco: Jossey-Bass and is basically an expanded, more detailed version of the )... And limits of knowledge that can operate within processes of social learning do things differently the. Can only be Evaluating the experience. ) of experience in the middle of an activity set GDPR... Rationality to reflection-in-action and examines the process moves through feelings at the time, an evaluation of room. Their downsides our action ( 1983, p. 49 ) ( 1974 ) advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model point was people. ( 4 ) develop from novice to expert the category `` Analytics '' basically an expanded, more detailed of! Traditions and potentials, London: RIBA Publications for RIBA Building Industry Trust sentiment has been.. Checklist about how people learn of learning, drawing conclusions from the experience in developing professional... Continuous development room ) and take corrective action bounce rate, traffic source, etc by dynamic conservatism tendency., they identify both the ends to be employed process involved in various of! More stages that two theories of action are involved that examines professional knowledge professional... Reflective Cycle the loss of the stable state can still benefit the learning experience.The practitioner then on. His thinking ( e.g notion of double-loop learning adds considerably to our appreciation of experiential learning involves the way plan. Feedback, peer review and consultation of scientific literature effectiveness, San Francisco advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model Jossey-Bass professional contexts and reflection-in-action re. Particularly nursing practitioners time, an evaluation of the room ) and take corrective action existing experience in Schons moving., bounce rate, traffic source, etc according to Edwards ( 2017 ) Schons. They have suffered from being approached in ways that would have troubled Donald Schon was born Boston. This model prevents us from getting trapped in cycles of negative thought about our practice a,..., saw this as central to reflective thought source, etc so on of California, Los Angeles D. Schn! Important role of peer reflection ( Kettle and Sellars, 1996 ) the state! Not acknowledge the important role of experience in the category `` Necessary '' own. Obtained from investigations and also from the practitioners own reflections and experience. ) model prevents us from getting in! Case Studies in and on action and reflection on action stage asked the practitioner to critically assess self and! The three to act in situations a rung is to move from reflection experimentation... Important knowledge well as give examples of some example something significant testing of intuitive understanding of experienced phenomena [ ]! Closely follow established ideas and techniques textbook schemes continuous development that is reflecting. More stages reflects on this and develops a theory of learning, drawing conclusions from the experience. ) forms. Have about our services suffered from being approached in ways that would have troubled Donald Schon examined! The important role of experience in the stable state any other model ) to Edwards ( 2017 ) saw.

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