the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment
Time out of the can does pose a significant relationship, although that relationship can not be proven with the data from this experiment. The residuals vs. time graphs 17, 18 and residuals vs. fitted values graphs 19, 20 are both good examples of random patterns in residual graphs and would be both be considered good indicators of a good fit with error that is random. The more extended height from which you drop off the balls is also helpful and means that you can make more accurate observations. Rather, it is something that naturally happens. (Incorporation, 2011)The spherical rubber would then be molded to an actual sphere in heated cavities. The tennis balls which were placed in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage of 83.33. After this experiment, one will know why tennis balls bounce differently after being left out in various weather conditions. For the other three balls, you will need them to be cold so that you can have results with which to compare your findings. Then, analyze the information. The cubic fit is shown by R squared values of .396 and .331 and, the regression is able to predict between two and three times as many of the points as the linear regression. (Incorporation, 2011)Then, machines would turn the sheet of rubber into a spherical form. String materials vary in terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. Once ready, remove the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position. You can repeat the experiment making use of balls of a different quality. The author hereby grants permission to Sabio Academy to reproduce and distribute paper and electronic copies of this document in whole or in part in any medium now or hereafter created. What is so dramatic during this post-tensioning-heating phase is that there is only tension reduction, not a competition between tension increase and relaxation, as there is during tensioning. That being, if the temperature of a ping pong ball (coefficient of restitution of 0.82) alter, then the bounce height will be positively proportional to the temperature where an increase of heat will allow for a greater bounce height, as the increase of . Photos of the investigation being conducted Method 1) 2 rubber balls were left sitting at room temperature, and 1.6 metres in height was measured from ground level and marked on a wall outside. The physiology of a tennis ball contains a hollow core made out of a rubber-like material. Then comes extension of the knees as well as hip flexion to start the movement - both of these movements are initiated by the quadriceps. But during winters chilly temperatures, that ball can become your enemy. Figure 10 breaks out elongation vs temperature by string in each material group. For a future topic related to this subject, I would like to see if the age of a tennis ball also affects how it bounces. These molecules will also be more compressed and compact, which means that they will have a negative impact on the ability of the ball to bounce. The p-value for both was zero showing that there is a significant relationship between the time a can of balls was open and the bounce height. The anatomy of a tennis ball features a hollow rubber-like core filled with gas. But more specifically it effects the molecular movement of the object which in this case is a tennis ball. The tennis ball will probably bounce more in hot temperatures and bounce little in the cold. Figure 11 Tension loss by temperature in setup #2. They found that tennis rackets perform noticeably differently at different temperatures, as well as be affected by the conditions during which stringing itself takes place. But if heat exposure occurs after tensioning and stabilization, the molecules become agitated and begin to move relative to each other. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. When a tennis ball bounces, the air molecules inside are forced to move to the ground, and as the ball comes back up, the air molecules quickly move back up to fill the space, which causes some of the weight of the tennis ball to go up. Hot temperatures create more pressure whereas cold temperatures do not produce much pressure. Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. Each contributes to how a ball performs. The second apparatus was a materials testing machine (Figure 4). (Incorporation, 2011)It was also composed of a mixture that seemed like putty and human hair. From that data, the lengthwise stiffness of each string was calculated. Table 9: Ball 1 vs. The most striking result is how much tension is lost during the 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario compared to room temperature. This is not the expected result. Setup #2 Stiffness, Elongation, and Tension vs Temperature. When a tennis ball is compressed, its internal air pressure is boosted. Stiffness is the property that measures the result of all these elongation, duration, and relaxation processes. A typical tension vs time comparison appears in Figure 2 for a string first at 20 C and then at 40 C. A string typically shows very rapid tension decline at first, before slowing and then stabilizing. Most players focus on tension, but that is only useful in as much as it predicts stiffness, which is often the case for comparing an individual string at different tensions but not for comparing different strings to each other. Drop the ball from the top of the meter stick and record how high it bounces. The strings were indexed by the percentage of tension loss for the 20 C room temperature scenario and plotted on a graph (Figure 6). The movement of the air causes the ball to bounce back off the surface it has been thrown against. That is the important take away. The heated air is more energetic, and as such, it can cause your ball to expand, which gives it the ability to bounce back to greater heights. I thank Dr. Choi for teaching me how to do this assignment and my parents for buying tennis balls for me. But because stress relaxation occurs at varying rates both before and after achievement of target tension, the magnitude of tension loss during the relaxation period (i.e., after the racquet has been strung) does not necessarily correlate to the total relaxation that has occurred nor to the final stiffness of the string. Take 2 tennis balls and put them in the slow cooker for 10 mins. You can also vary the brand for the second round to ensure that you have more data to make comparisons and conclusions on your data. The lack of fit test shown in the same tables indicates a high lack of fit test statistic in both cases in excess of 600, well above what would be required for a good fit, this concludes that the regression might not be linear. The purpose of this experiment is to find if the temperature of a tennis ball affects the way it bounces. Most balls use valves for air retention. When a liner model was tried in Tables 5, 6 the p-values of zero confirmed the suspicion that there was indeed a significant relationship. However, its true that most amateur or novice players may not have those resources available to them and should at least be aware of some of the effects involved. The outer layer is full of dimples which create a thin turbulent layer of air that clings to the ball allowing it to travel further. The first result found is Table 1, 2 show due to the high p-value, in excess of 0.5 in both cases, that humidity is not at all a significant relationship with bounce height. The results are not quite as tidy and a bit unexpected. The balls need to have the right temperature and air pressure inside in order to work best. The 0 C temperature was implemented by packing the perspex tube with crushed ice. Strong chair Elongation also behaved as expected it increased with temperature (Figure 9). The increased energy and movement of the air particles in the tennis ball then result in a higher bounce. A further study should be completed to see if anything else effects the balls differently to try and determine what makes the balls different. Bocce ball is a great way to demonstrate the complex wonders of Newtons three laws in a simple and understandable way. We just wanted to let you know that we got a lot of information from this. After the 100 second relaxation period the tension was increased to 350 N. Stiffness was calculated as the slope of the curve over the first 50 N increase. The balls that were placed in room temperature, the bounce percentage was 70.10. What players feel when hitting in various temperature conditions is the combined effect. Independent: The uniform temperature of the tennis ball, Dependent: The balls bounce height compared to the initial height, Constant: The same room temperature, the same surface that the ball is bounced on, the same type of tennis ball, the same initial height. This isnt something that you can control. Tennis balls are best kept at 68 degrees Fahrenheit or 20 degrees Celsius for optimum pressure and bounce; at these temperatures, the balls can retain their optimal pressure and bounce. Sealable plastic bags Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. A warmer ball will bounce higher than a cold one. That is, it is more susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions. The amount is highly material specific, with gut, nylon, and polyester losing the least tension in that order. The Effect of Temperature, Time, and Humidity on the Bounce of Tennis Balls. The deltoids and pectorals major are used to flex the shoulder. NOTE: IEEE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR CITATIONS, SUBMITTED TO SABIO ACADEMY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SR 90 JUNIOR RESEARCH COURSE AT SABIO ACADEMY. How Does Air Pressure in a Ball Make the Ball Bounce Higher? Tension loss by temperature is shown in Figure 11. While a temperature change in one direction has a high-bouncing effect, a temperature change in the other direction reduces the balls bouncing abilities. For all strings (except string 7 at 0 C), stiffness varied inversely with temperature the higher the temperature, the softer the string, and vice versa. I chose to perform the ab crunch for my abs. Thus most of the equalizing will take place in the longer relaxation phase. The expected result was that the tension loss would increase for each string by about the same amount, regardless of whether it was heated before tensioning or after tensioning. (Borlings, 2011)The game is outdated and is not played anymore. Later, the data would be compared by calculating the percentage of the bounce height over the initial height. Figure 4 Experimental setup for testing stiffness and string tension vs elongation. Figure 6 shows the result of post-heating for each string. Does the Temperature of a Basketball Affect the Bounce of the Ball? Figure 7 Stiffness by string, material, and temperature exposure immediately after the 100 second relaxation period. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. Place the thermometer on the ball. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); can u pls also mention the results u get by doing the experiment? Heat three tennis balls you have selected inside the heating pad. Analysis The heated tennis balls bounced the highest because as the temperature rose, the molecules expanded and exerted more pressure when the ball bounced The experiment illustrated the perfect gas law, because it showed that when the temperature rose, so did the pressure The data for each set of tennis balls had a range of 15 . Tension loss increases with temperature for some strings and decreases for others. 4.Tennis ball D was placed in the preheated oven for 90 minutes. For the heating during the tension loss phase, the starting temperature was 20 C. Tension was increased to 28 kg and 200 seconds were allowed to pass. When a lack of fit analysis was completed the f statistic were both above 35 with a p value of zero, this indicates that there is a linear relationship but there still might be a even better fit. (Incorporation, 2011) This method was used for a long time. Repeat for each of the hot and cold balls and record the readings for each ball. This means that the hypothesis was supported because it stated that if the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. Measure out 200 ml of iced water and check that the temperature of it is 0 C. The experiment will show if temperature affects the height of a bouncing tennis ball. The horizontal axis labels each string by its test ID number (1-15) and its material (G = gut; N = nylon; P = polyester). Leave the tennis balls in place for at least one to three hours, if possible. Do variations in temperature exposure affect tension loss in these materials differently? Jeu de Paume was played without even bouncing the balland was just played against a wall. Pickleball Spin Why Is A Rubber Hitting Surface Illegal? The ball will not bounce as much in the cold as it does during hot days, and for the players, this is a vast difference that is also evident in how they take on the matches at different times. Overall the residual plots show that the fit is good, but there is some considerable doubt and, it is possible another model might fit the data even better. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. First, watch the video. It will, however, continue to equalize stress after tensioning more quickly than the unheated string, so will lose a bit more tension than the unheated string. One may also use a heat dish to do this. The question also required me to determ wheter or not I could use the same weight as I normally do while using the stability ball? If we graph post-relaxation stiffness vs temperature for each string, we begin to see some patterns. A residual analysis was next completed for the liner regression. Tennis, of course, is a complicated practice with many moving parts, and its played outside (for the most part), which comes with its own considerations and challenges. Heat exposure after stringing a racquet is more significant than exposure during stringing. It is normally instigated by pitching the ball into the air and thumping it into the diagonally opposite service box exclusive of touching the net. In the real world, tennis tends to be played in all kinds of conditions and temperatures. This is the graph created using information collected from the last bounces per temperature, or the third trial. During a game of tennis, most players rely on the balls rapid bounce to help them play and score. In the experiment it was about how temperature effects the air pressure of . It is also to find out if the temperature of an object can affect its behavior. I decided to create Elite Tennis Guide to share my knowledge and expertise with the rest of the world. Then, drop the ball from a height of one meter. (Incorporation, 2011)Also, the original flannel cloth was replaced by special melton cloth made specifically for the purpose and the stitching was replaced by rubber seams. (Sheehan, 2011)On impact, the gas will be caused to move toward the ground. It is the net result of the effects of elongation, tension, strain rate and temperature. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape after getting pressed, the gas inside the ball quickly occupies the space that was open during impact which causes the gas to act as a spring, making the ball bounce into the air. The 0 C strings lose the most tension and the 40 degree curve criss-crosses the other two, though the trend is that the behavior for the 20 C and 40 C is different for nylon vs polyester. Players will be able to use the conclusions in many ways. http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Find a tennis ball, and put it inside a freezer for about 20 minutes with a thermometer next to it. Molecules of a gas can effortlessly expand and contract. The temperature of the golf ball and the air temperature on the day you're playing directly affect how your ball will perform during a round. Purpose The purpose of this project is to determine how tennis balls are affected by different temperature conditions. An increase in R squared to values of 0.974 and 0.957 were seen and suggests that the quadratic fit is even better than the linear one. Ball 1 had a sample standard deviation of 3.312 while ball 2 was 3.177. Drop ball and mark where the lowest part of the ball is after the first bounce. With at least ten hot and cold balls readings, you will have better data to analyze, and your experiment will be more successful. This can be done through putting it out on the sun for a very long time, or wrapping the ball in many heat pads. The green represents the felt on the ball, and the black represents the hollow core. The stiffness, k, is calculated as k = dF/dx, where dF is the increase in the force when elongation increases by dx. Once it achieves target tension of 28 kg (62 lb), the preheated string will have less stress to relieve than the unheated string. Temperature can change the internal pressure of a tennis ball, which causes it to feel hotter. This is the table showing the heights in which the ball bounced. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball, Your email address will not be published. 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