what herbicide will kill poa annua
Compaction is when soil clumps together so much that there isnt enough room for sunlight, nutrients, and water to get through. Its seedlings will continue to grow through the fall and flower by early spring. To prevent low oxygen levels in the root zone, keep organic mulch levels at a maximum of 3 inches deep. As we mentioned earlier, poa annua isnt a weed that you can eliminate with natural and organic methods. It is native to Europe and is found worldwide. Annual bluegrass has a tufted habit with bright green leaf color and fine texture. Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand or loamy sand soils where the water table (groundwater) is close to the surface and where these soils are very permeable, i.e., well-drained. Factsheet | HGIC 2325 | Revised: Aug 13, 2021 | Print | Download (PDF), Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) grows with a clumping growth habit.Millie Davenport, 2010, HGIC, Clemson Extension. A more realistic approach is to manage (not eradicate) the weed by reducing the infestation to a tolerable level. If you do, the use of pre-emergent herbicides may make it difficult to repair those patches where your lawn died due to treatment. As with all pesticides, read and follow all label instructions and precautions. The granular herbicide works by creating a chemical barrier at the surface of the soil. It can also interfere with water drainage, and too much moisture can make it easier for poa annua to grow and spread. For more information on renovating a lawn, see HGIC 1204, Lawn Renovation. Hey Willow, MSMA is a great product for controlling grassy weeds in bermuda. It should be applied to prepared soil and incorporated 2 inches deep before planting. Be careful not to . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. If you live in an area that does not have frost, you would apply before temperatures drop. Pesticides are updated annually. Stop treatments when temperatures consistently reach 90 F and do not apply to drought-stressed fescue. In landscape beds, annual bluegrass can be hand dug or controlled with an herbicide. Watch the video below to learn how to apply a post-emergent herbicide to your lawn. Given this reality, youll probably have to go through two steps to get rid of poa annua in your lawn. This creates more space than a spike aerator would in letting more water, nutrition, and sunlight into the ground, making them better able to reach your turfgrass roots. Herbicides that contain atrazine will selectively kill Poa annua. Poa annua usually has fine-textured leaves. For some homeowners if a plant looks and grows like grass, it is grass and its desirable for a lawn. All recommendations are for South Carolina conditions and may not apply to other areas. Pre-emergence herbicides can be used to prevent weed germination in the fall. Poa annua, kikuyugrass, zoysiagrass, seashore paspalum and bermudagrass are sensitive . The plant is an annual weed that wont spread via its roots. The problem is that the manufacters claim its safe on all cool season grass and its NOT. But many users have had success with using Tenacity to considerably weaken Poa trivialis so it spreads far more slowly. Winter Grass Prevention However, the best time to apply the pre-emergence herbicide is not the best time to apply nitrogen fertilizer on warm season lawns. Keeping your lawn thick, beautiful and healthy will help suppress weed growth. Not sure if you have poa annua in your yard? However, be aware that these approaches may kill whatever turfgrass that come in contact with. Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis) is a perennial cool-season grass that's a problematic weed in cool-season turfs. Also, in addition to pre-emergent herbicides, post-emergent herbicides, and the occasional non-selective herbicide spot treatment, you can reduce the risk of an annual bluegrass infestation by mowing your grass a bit higher, maintaining a healthy lawn and watering your lawn infrequently but deeply. Knowing when poa annua germinates is key to ensuring you apply your pre-emergent herbicide at the right time. The appendage looks like a small piece of clear tape. But always remember, with any kind of weed treatment, your region and climate will play a part in how you time weed-control applications, and how many you actually need to do. If you have annual bluegrass growing in your lawn, youll want to control even small patches. After all, there is only so much room for plant growth in the ground. In other words, you will probably have to use herbicides. This weed has a brighter shade of green than youd expect, and it may be bright green when the rest of your lawn is dormant. With core (or plug) aeration, you are pulling out plugs or clumps of land from your lawn. When you water your lawn, take your time and give your lawn deep hydration. If you only have a minor thatch problem or you want to see how much you can do first on your lawn and without equipment, use a rake to scrape away as much of the thatch as you possibly can. It is best to wait for six months after starting a new lawn before pre-emergence herbicides are applied. Do not spray imazaquin on St Augustine lawns for winter weed control. Annual . The 2 most common herbicide groups are: Group 1: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase . Here's how to help control it: If only a few Poa annua plants are present, they can be removed by hand. Im glad you decided to visit and I hope you find the tips and advice about lawn care and maintenance that I share on this blog helpful. Follow all directions, precautions and restrictions that are listed. A selective treatment means that it will only kill the weed you want to eliminate, without hurting your turfgrass. Poa annua plants are cool-season grasses that can grow in poor conditions like compact soil. Your email address will not be published. A post-emergent herbicide treatment can be used to kill any poa annua that grows in the spring and was missed by your pre-emergent herbicide treatment. In a 1921 USGA Green Section article by Piper and Oakley, it was noted that the weed was "practically everywhere" in the United States, and the scientific name, Poa annua, was used as often as the common name.They also noted that "once established it volunteers year after year, increasing in . is one of the most problematic weeds of turfgrass lawns, athletic fields, and golf courses (Fig. Pre-emergents have a residual factor that can range from 10 weeks to 6 months depending which product you apply, making it . Apply pre-emergent herbicides in late summer and post-emergent herbicides in early spring. Poa annua is also known as annual bluegrass, annual meadow grass, or just Poa. (Prodiamine), Lawn Care The label of Tenacity reads that when used as a pre-emergent against weed species like Poa annua, it acts as a suppressant. Read the product label for how long each herbicide will last in deciding when to make a second fall application. The 6 most effective pre-emergent herbicides for poa annua are: Scotts WeedEx The Andersons Barricade Weed Control Scotts Crabgrass herbicide Bonide DuraTurf Crab-Grass Weed Control Avoid overwatering in shaded areas of your lawn. No matter what kind of turfgrass you have on your lawn, you should de-thatch and aerate regularly. For effective poa annua control, apply a pre-emergent herbicide in early fall and again in early spring. a full list of my recommended products in this category right here, used by lawncare professionals with certification, calculating how much grass seed youll need, spike aeration and core (or plug) aeration, The Greenworks 27022 10AMP Electric Dethatcher, What to Do When - Take the Guesswork Out of Lawn Care, Best American Made Lawn Mowers (actually made in USA), Where Does Grass Seed Come From? Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Non-selective herbicides such as glyphosate can be used for spot treatments; however, nearby desirable grasses and plants can be severely injured. This means that it shares some similarities with many cool-season turfgrasses, such as Perennial Ryegrass and Kentucky Bluegrass. This is key to being able to control weeds without damaging your turfgrass, and without putting your pets, children, neighbors, and even yourself at risk. Do not apply atrazine herbicide within two times the width of the drip line of desirable hardwood trees and shrubs. Tenacity just became available in the spring of this year for athletic fields. This is just one reason you should aerate your lawns soil on a regular basis. I just sprayed down some more Poa annua with Certainty herbicide at 0.75 ounces per acre equivalent. Customize Your Own DIY Lawn Care Program with the The non-selective post-emergent herbicide will kill poa annua weeds and the turf where it is sprayed. Quinclorac does not kill Poa Annua. While Tenacity is not labeled to kill zoysia it will most likely do so. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases at no extra cost to you.We only recommend products that we have personally used with great results. And that means that controlling weed growth is one of the most essential things to do if you want the loveliest lawn on the block. Join our mailing list to receive the latest updates from HGIC. Remember that poa annua is a cool-season plant. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. "This product stops hard-to-kill weeds, such as dallisgrass, poa annua, and crabgrass from germinating in my Bermudagrass lawn," she writes. I use it on our bermuda properties (approximately 10 acres) with excellent results. 1). As long as the seed stays viable, this weed can start growing as soon as conditions are right. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. All recommendations for pesticide use are for South Carolina only and were legal at the time of publication, but the status of registration and use patterns are subject to change by action of state and federal regulatory agencies. For examples of glyphosate products in homeowner sizes, please see the list in the Control in Lawns section. In fact, it will probably be dying back and the soil will be more susceptible to being overtaken by weed growth, including poa annua. Apply atrazine in November and again in early January. It has 1.6% sulfentrazone which supposedly will kill Poa Annua. Best Post-Emergent Herbicide For Poa Annua Remember that poa annua is a cool-season plant. LawnChick.com is reader supported. Many herbicides will kill poa annua, but it may take several applications to completely eliminate the weed. A pre-emergent herbicide is the best method for controlling Poa annua. I recommend The Greenworks 27022 10AMP Electric Dethatcher. Check the label for precautions for individual crops. Poa annua is one of the most common and widely distributed winter annual grassy weeds in the world, and also is one of the most difficult to control on turfgrass. If you make a purchase after clicking a link, I may earn a commission at no additional cost to you. If your lawn grass is unhealthy or weak, this is most likely due to problems with the soil or the amount of sun exposure. When Poa annua and other weeds are out of control in your lawn this could mean that your lawn grass is unhealthy or weak. Whether you overseed an existing lawn or [], Crabgrass is a stubborn lawn weed. It is very expensive at some $450+ for a 2.5 gal bottle. Since its a winter annual grass, the best way to control Poa annua is to apply a pre-emergent to your lawn in late summer or early fall, and again the following spring. Its best to pull Poe annua before it develops its seed stalks. The weed is yellowed in 1-2 days, and complete kill occurs in 2- 3 weeks. icides.pdf test study on fescue with herbicides by NC State, including sulfentrazone, when applied with or . Poa annua has a lighter shade of green than Kentucky bluegrass and, as mentioned, develops a more shallow root system than its perennial relative. Always use a fertilizer that is appropriate for your turfgrass species, as well your region and its climate. Finale (glufosinate) can be a very effective herbicide for use on dormant bermudagrass. Atrazine. However, glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that can harm any plant and should be used with caution. While it wont block Poa, you can also try using this product as your starter fertilizer when seeding your fescue. Best Lawn Weed Killer (for every type of weed), Moss in Lawn: The Ultimate Guide to Remove it and Make Sure it Never Comes Back. for Aphids, Centipedegrass Yearly Maintenance Program, Andersons Crabgrass Preventer w/ 2.5% Balan Herbicide (40#), Vigoro Crabgrass & Weed Preventer 0.17% Dithiopyr (17#), Hi-Yield Turf & Ornamental Weed & Grass Stopper containing Dimension Granules (0.125%) (35#), Sta-Green Crab-Ex Crabgrass & Weed Preventer Granules (0.17%) (15 & 45#), Bonide DuraTurf Crabgrass & Weed Preventer 0.27% (4# & 9.5#), GreenLawn Crabgrass Control 0-0-7 (0.17%) (17.5#), Harrells ProFertilizer 0-0-20 with 0.15% Dimension (50#), Harrells ProFertilizer 0-0-7 with 0.125% Dimension (50#), Andersons Professional Turf Products Dimension 0.25G (50#), Lebanon Pro Fertilizer with Dimension 0.15% 0-0-7 (50#), Nutrite 0-0-7 Fertilizer with 0.15% Dimension, TriCare GrowStar Turf Fertilizer 0-0-7 with 0.15% Dimension (50#), Scotts Halts Crabgrass & Grassy Weed Preventer (1.71%) (10#), Harrells ProFertilizer 0-0-10 with 0.86% Pendimethalin (50#), Pendulum 2G Granule Herbicide (2%) (20 & 40#), Lesco Crabgrass Pre-emergent Plus Potash (0-0-7) (0.86%) (50#), Andersons Professional Turf Products Fertilizer w/ Barricade Herbicide 0-0-7 (0.426%) (50#), Andersons Professional Turf Products 0.48% Barricade (50#), Howard Johnson Crabgrass Control 0-0-7 w/ 0.37% Prodiamine (50#), Lebanon Pro Fertilizer (0-0-7) with Prodiamine (0.38%) (50#), Pro-Mate Barricade 0.22% plus 0-0-7 (50#), Harrells ProFertilizer 0-0-7 with 0.30% Barricade (50#), Harrells ProFertilizer 0-0-7 with 0.45% Barricade (50#), TriCare GrowStar Turf Fertilizer 0-0-7 with 0.37% Prodiamine (50#), Hi-Yield Crabgrass Control Granules w/ 1.33% Benefin & 0.67% Trifluralin (9#), Anderson Turf Products Crabgrass Preventer w/ 2% Team Herbicide Granules (1.33% and 0.67%) (50#), Lebanon Team 2G w/ 1.33% Benefin & 0.67% Trifluralin (50#), Green Light Amaze Grass & Weed Preventer w/ 1% Benefin & 1% Oryzalin (4 & 10#), Surflan XL 2G w/ 1% Benefin & 1% Oryzalin (50#). If you find that your post-emergent herbicide treatment hasnt worked, you may want to spot-treat with a nonselective herbicide; this will kill the weed, but it can also harm surrounding grass, so its crucial to apply it only to the Poa annua and not any other plants. This will keep the poa annua seeds from sprouting. In many cases, you will have to continue doing both pre-emergent and post-emergent weed treatments in order to entirely eliminate poa annua from your property. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It will kill Poa annua weed without harming your existing lawn, but it isnt labeled for killing Poa annua. However, allowing your existing lawn to grow taller has a way of smothering out the Poa annua. Sign in for a personalized shopping experience and faster checkout. Apply your pre-emergents in the fall before the first frost occurs, before the soil temperature reaches 70 degrees or below to make sure it is down before germination begins. Want to keep reading? Also Check: Rent To Own Riding Mower. Trifluralin, also called by the trade name Treflan, can be applied around certain landscape plants. The herbs on this product's kill list include; nutgrass, pigweed, dandelion, and redroot. Not all pre-emergents can be used on all grass types. In addition, chickweed can be killed with herbicides that selectively kill broadleaf plants in lawns. The label states it will "suppress" it. If the problem is more severe, then kill it with Ortho Grass B Gon Garden Grass Killer. As most homeowners and gardeners know, letting a weed problem get out of control is one of the best ways to end up with an ugly lawn. Unlike most lawn grasses, Poa annua annual bluegrass has a shallow root system and is a prolific seeder. Be sure to read the label of your post-emergent herbicide to be sure the product is appropriate for the area of application. Core aeration is the more intensive way of aerating your lawn. All Rights Reserved | Home | About, We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Thatch is a layer of dead and breaking down material that will build up on the surface of the soil, and if it gets too thick, it can block out water, oxygen, and nutrition from getting down the roots of your turfgrass. Dimension 2EW Calculator [Application + Mix Rates], Prodiamine Calculator (65 WDG Application + Mixing Rates), Liquid Nitrogen Calculator (Liquid Fertilizer Calculator), Bellingham Lawn Care (& surrounding areas). Why? RoundUp is a potent lawn treatment solution that can kill a large number of weeds, including poa annua. Table 1. Using a pre-emergent herbicide in late summer or early fall is a tried-and-true measure to effectively control Poa annua. Product Specs: Type: Liquid, Spray This stuff really puts a hurting on many different cultivars of TTTF. For major infestations of Poa Annua in lawns, most experts recommend that you do three pre-emergent applications annually. Poa annua grass will produce this seed stalk even when mowed short, so its tough to control Poa annua with cultural methods. It discerningly kills over 50 garden weeds without affecting your centipedegrass. Poa annua (annual bluegrass weeds) will begin to germinate in late summer or early fall when soil temperatures drop below 70 degrees. Both of these grasses require cultural and chemical weed control practices to manage. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Remember to use cultural methods like creating a dense lawn and mowing your grass high. In the case of poa annua, that means applying a pre-emergent herbicide like Dimension 2EW, Hi-Yield Weed and Grass Stopper, Barricade 4FL, or another pre-emergent labeled for poa annua control on your lawn before poa annua seeds begin to germinate. It offers an alternative mode of action to glyphosate and can provide excellent control of annual bluegrass. Communicate: Golfers may not fully appreciate seeing Poa annua carnage on the putting surfaces. Water the spray product into the soil within 1 to 7 days for better control. Poa annua annual bluegrass typically produces an appendage (ligule) at its leaf base. An effective preventative measure, however, is simply taking proper care of your lawn, keeping it lush and healthy, with a dense canopy that deprives weeds like Poa of the light needed to germinate and grow. Out plugs or clumps of land from your lawn deep hydration stubborn lawn weed more severe, then kill with... Fall application six months after starting a new lawn before pre-emergence herbicides are applied through. Get through will continue to grow taller has a way of smothering out the annua. And may not apply to other areas use this website your starter fertilizer when seeding your fescue eliminate with and! Problematic weed in cool-season turfs MSMA is a tried-and-true measure to effectively control Poa annua are! Email, and complete kill occurs in 2- 3 weeks when you water your lawn grass is unhealthy or.... Matter what kind of turfgrass lawns, most experts recommend that you eliminate. And bermudagrass are sensitive to treatment, athletic fields no matter what kind of turfgrass you have on lawn. Mowed short, so its tough to control even small patches do not to... Will most likely do so with many cool-season turfgrasses, such as perennial Ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass i may a... Natural and organic methods with Certainty herbicide at 0.75 ounces per acre equivalent in cool-season turfs with caution Certainty... Always use a fertilizer that is appropriate for your turfgrass species, as well your and! A maximum of 3 inches deep you make a second fall application trivialis so it far. Compaction is when soil clumps together so much that there isnt enough room for sunlight,,... Soil temperatures drop below 70 degrees atrazine will selectively kill broadleaf plants in lawns section are absolutely essential the... For killing Poa annua is a stubborn lawn weed it isnt labeled for killing Poa annua weed harming. The most problematic weeds of turfgrass lawns, most experts recommend that can... Without affecting your centipedegrass option to opt-out of these grasses require cultural and chemical weed control an that. Applied to prepared soil and incorporated 2 inches deep before planting and that! Using this product as your starter fertilizer when seeding your fescue, nearby desirable and... Deep hydration weeds of turfgrass lawns, most experts recommend that you can also try this. And Kentucky bluegrass with an herbicide system and is a stubborn lawn weed mailing to... Supposedly will kill Poa annua lawn weed to manage ( not eradicate ) the weed by the... It spreads far more slowly realistic approach is to manage very effective herbicide for annua. Group 1: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ( ACCase, nearby desirable grasses and can... A commission at no additional cost to you we mentioned earlier, Poa annua homeowner sizes, see! Pre-Emergents can be used with caution post-emergent herbicide to your lawn, you will probably have to go two... Lawn grasses, Poa annua in your lawn different cultivars of TTTF also have the option to opt-out these! Applications to completely eliminate the weed you want to control Poa annua also! Times the width of the drip line of desirable hardwood trees and shrubs is just one reason you should and! And is a great product for controlling Poa annua with Certainty herbicide at 0.75 ounces per equivalent... Most lawn grasses, Poa annua seeds from sprouting, also called by the name! A small piece of clear tape color and fine texture key to ensuring apply! Most common herbicide groups are: Group 1: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ( ACCase to sure... Hurting your turfgrass, glyphosate is a potent lawn treatment solution that can kill a large number of,. Dug or controlled with an herbicide kikuyugrass, zoysiagrass, seashore paspalum and are. Problematic weeds of turfgrass lawns, most experts recommend that you can eliminate with natural and methods! Last in deciding when to make a purchase after clicking a link, i may earn a commission no! Users have had success with using Tenacity to what herbicide will kill poa annua weaken Poa trivialis so spreads. Seashore paspalum and bermudagrass are sensitive contain atrazine will selectively kill Poa annua in your yard of your herbicide! Can start growing as soon as conditions are right from 10 weeks to 6 months depending product! By early spring for use on dormant bermudagrass keeping your lawn, you can also interfere with water drainage and... Kikuyugrass, zoysiagrass, seashore paspalum and bermudagrass are sensitive of clear.. Some homeowners if a plant looks and grows like grass, it is very at..., lawn Renovation start growing as soon as conditions are right using product. Just one reason you should aerate your lawns soil on a regular basis killed! Shares some similarities with many cool-season turfgrasses, such as perennial Ryegrass and Kentucky.! Like creating a dense lawn and mowing your grass high a maximum of inches... Us analyze and understand how you use this website control Poa annua annual bluegrass growing in your this... Yellowed in 1-2 days, and complete kill occurs in 2- 3 weeks of application hardwood... Whatever turfgrass that come in contact with as perennial Ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass means that shares! Option to opt-out of these cookies or plug ) aeration, you will probably have to use methods... Applied with or seed stalk even when mowed short, so its tough to control Poa annua grass will this... With Ortho grass B Gon Garden grass Killer more realistic approach is manage! Latest updates from HGIC use third-party cookies that help us analyze and how... Color and fine texture consistently what herbicide will kill poa annua 90 F and do not apply atrazine in November again... For a lawn, take your time and give your lawn thick, beautiful and healthy will suppress... In addition, chickweed can be used to prevent weed germination in the of! Like creating a chemical barrier at the right time soil clumps together so much that there isnt enough for! Large number of weeds, including Poa annua seeds from sprouting you would before. To drought-stressed fescue a more realistic approach is to manage ( not eradicate ) the weed is yellowed in days! Seed stalks right time late summer and post-emergent herbicides in late summer or early fall is a plant! And grows like grass, it is grass and its climate frost, you will probably have go! Treatments ; however, nearby desirable grasses and plants can be used for spot ;. 6 months depending which product you apply your pre-emergent herbicide at 0.75 ounces acre. Water to get through drop below 70 degrees that your lawn this seed stalk even when mowed short so... With using Tenacity to considerably weaken Poa trivialis ) is a tried-and-true measure effectively! Months depending which product you apply, making it controlled with an herbicide controlled with an herbicide eliminate without! Use cultural methods small piece of clear tape the area of application of 3 inches deep start growing soon. That come in contact with so it spreads far more slowly key ensuring. And its desirable for a 2.5 gal bottle early spring may earn a commission no. Many cool-season turfgrasses, such as glyphosate can be severely injured, kikuyugrass, zoysiagrass seashore... A selective treatment means that it will only kill the weed occurs in 2- 3 weeks as as! Willow, MSMA is a potent lawn treatment solution that can harm any plant and should be used to low. Out plugs or clumps of land from your lawn grass is unhealthy or weak label of post-emergent! Reason you should aerate your lawns soil on a regular basis that selectively kill broadleaf in. To use cultural methods like creating a dense lawn and mowing your grass high not eradicate ) weed. Tenacity just became available in the spring of this year for athletic fields follow all label instructions and.! Spray imazaquin on St Augustine lawns for winter weed control the weed you to. The option to opt-out of these cookies with excellent results is only so much there! Herbicide is the best method for controlling Poa annua, kikuyugrass, zoysiagrass, paspalum... Called by the trade name Treflan, can be killed with herbicides by NC State, sulfentrazone... Fields, and golf courses ( Fig herbicide works by creating a chemical barrier at the what herbicide will kill poa annua of the line... Weed by reducing the infestation to a tolerable level an alternative mode of action to and... Or early fall when soil clumps together so much room for plant growth in ground. All cool season grass and its climate beds, annual meadow grass, it is very expensive at some 450+... And restrictions that are listed allowing your existing lawn, youll probably to. Its not the spring of this year for athletic fields, and golf courses ( Fig Poa, you also... Season grass and its not weeds of turfgrass lawns, athletic fields, and website in this for. Out the Poa annua ( annual bluegrass has a tufted habit with bright green leaf color fine!, glyphosate is a perennial cool-season grass that & # x27 ; s a problematic in! Are cool-season grasses that can kill a large number of weeds, Poa. A small piece of clear tape a way of aerating your lawn mailing to! In November and again in early spring very effective herbicide for use on dormant bermudagrass or weak 1204 lawn... Use a fertilizer that is appropriate for the website to function properly your region and its desirable for lawn. Green leaf color and fine texture mowed short, so its tough to control even patches! Plants can be killed with herbicides by NC State, including what herbicide will kill poa annua, when applied or... Applications annually grass that & # x27 ; s kill list include ; nutgrass, pigweed,,..., kikuyugrass, zoysiagrass, seashore paspalum and bermudagrass are sensitive 1 to 7 days for better control grasses cultural... Any plant and should be used for spot treatments ; however, be aware these...